Which of the following is a common method of soil abatement for permanent solutions?

Removing and replacing contaminated soil is a common method of soil abatement for achieving permanent solutions. This approach effectively eliminates the source of contaminants, thereby reducing any associated risks to human health and the environment. By excavating the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil, this method ensures that harmful substances do not remain in the soil to pose ongoing risks.

Other methods, like planting grass or covering with mulch, may provide temporary solutions or help to stabilize soil, but they do not address the underlying contamination directly. While these approaches can improve surface conditions and may temporarily reduce exposure risks, they do not remove the contaminants themselves, which is why they are less effective as permanent solutions. Similarly, using decorative stones may improve aesthetics and manage surface erosion but does not contribute to the removal of contaminated soil, thus failing to solve the problem permanently.