Which of the following is a long-term effect of lead exposure?

Lead exposure has several long-term effects on health, particularly on neurological and behavioral functions. Behavioral changes one might observe after exposure to lead can include increased aggression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulties in concentrating. Children are especially vulnerable, and the impact on developing brains can lead to learning difficulties and disruptions in social interactions.

This is due to lead's interference with the development of neuronal connections and its toxic effects on the brain, which can manifest in various behavioral issues that persist well into adulthood. Understanding these long-lasting implications is crucial for prevention and intervention strategies related to lead exposure. In contrast, improvements in immune response, increased energy levels, and enhanced cognitive abilities are not associated with lead exposure and would not be appropriate consequences of such toxicity.